Macro Factors that Affected Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy Initiatives Essay Example for Free

Macro Factors that Affected Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy Initiatives Essay A foreign policy is a country’s independent strategy or outline of how a sovereign state will deal with the rest of the world or how it will conduct its international affairs; this may encompass such fields as military, economy and politics. The contours of US foreign policymaking strategies were shaped to a large extent by the advantages conferred by geographical isolation of the country, lack of contiguous enemies, absence of historical baggage and the indomitable, independent streak of its early settlers who through their sheer perseverance transformed the vast wilderness of the American lands into an economic, political and military powerhouse unrivalled in the modern era. American foreign policy has seen its ups and downs ranging from a period of isolationism to active participation in world affairs to the unilateralism that characterized the Bush era. However, during the administration of Franklin D Roosevelt, American foreign policy was hobbled by the prevailing isolationist ideology and of course the economic conditions of that time. This essay examines the constraints that Roosevelt experienced in conducting the nation’s foreign policy and what events shaped the contours of Roosevelt administration foreign policy directions. During the American Revolution, The United States convinced France, Netherlands and Spain to join them in the war against Britain which was considered as a common enemy. However, after attaining independence, American foreign policy concentrated on regional matters rather than international matters. The country adopted the Monroe Doctrine which declared that America would not tolerate European interference in the Americas. However, soon thereafter American foreign policy took the stand of not interfering with other states affair in the periods before the First World War. The United States was initially not interested in involving itself in the First World War because it deemed it as a continental Europe affair. Woodrow Wilson as the President initially promised to preserve the tenets of neutrality but then was forced to enter the war on German provocation of disruption of American shipping by U boat attacks. After the war, Wilson initiated the 14 points program and created the League of Nations as also encourage idealism as an approach to international affairs. However, the imperatives of domestic politics rolled back America’s foreign policy directions away from the idealistic approach to its traditional isolationist stand. Roosevelt had internationalist views and wished to play a larger role in world affairs. However the Great depression preoccupied Roosevelt through most of his time. The Great Depression originated in the United States and had been triggered by the sudden collapse of the Stock market, which on 29 October 1929, crashed. â€Å"The shocks to the domestic US economy were a primary cause (Bernanke 2000, 5)† for the depression as the primary sector comprising of mining, farming and logging that had been listed on the stock exchange lost their share prices dramatically. This led to a panic amongst American investors who tried to keep out of the stock market and postpone their purchases of white goods. To get over the Depression, Roosevelt initiated a slew of economic reforms and measures collectively known as the ‘New Deal’. Roosevelt first sought to restore the confidence of the American people in the banking system by passing an Emergency Banking Act and creating a Federal Deposit Insurance Scheme. He embarked on massive public works projects like expansion of Dams, railroads and highways to provide employment to thousands of laid-off workers and cuts in military spending. These cuts in military spending further constrained foreign policy initiatives. The 1935 Neutrality Act passed by the Congress despite Roosevelt’s protestations further restricted the President’s foreign policy initiatives.   These were followed by the Neutrality acts of 1936 and 1937 that further tied down the President. The declaration of the Second World War in 1939, gave Roosevelt an unprecedented third term in office and a chance to redeem the US economy. At one sweep, unemployment was wiped out with youth being employed in the armed forces or in the industries to support war effort. Even then, the isolationists did not wish America to enter the war. Despite the administration’s efforts to reform the Neutrality Bill, the isolationists had a upper hand in the congress and succeeded in   obstructing the passage of the bill right until 1940 (Dalleck 1995, 191). It was only after Roosevelt steered the Lend-lease act and the surprise attack by the Japanese in 1941 that Roosevelt could get rid of the neutrality clauses and conduct the war with full vigor. Roosevelt used the Second World War to build American economy and guide its growth for America’s preeminence after the war. It was his vision and forbearance that allowed President Truman to follow a more ‘muscular’ foreign policy by declaring the famous Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan that defined the pro-activeness of American Foreign policy from 1946 till to date. One can safely state that the considerable constraints of an isolationist’s tradition and the Great Depression hindered Roosevelt’s foreign policy initiatives, which he had to constantly battle to build America’s relevance on the international scene. Roosevelt succeeded admirably and set the stage for future American Presidents to embark on a more robust international role that today defines American foreign policy. Bibliography Bernanke, Ben. Essays on the Great Depression. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Dalleck, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Sainsburys Analysis and Recommendations Essay -- Business Management

Sainsburys Analysis and Recommendations Management Styles There are three main types of management styles. These are autocratic, consultative and democratic. Autocratic ---------- The autocratic management style is one where the manager is used to give instructions. They tell people what to do instead of asking for their opinion on the matter in hand. The manager is the only person contributing to the decision making process in the business. Consultative ------------ The consultative management style is where managers consult other people before making a decision. This management style is the opposite to autocratic. This type of management style wants to collect more sources of information and opinions before any final decision is made. To do this successfully the business will have good communication channels so that the employees are able to give their opinions easily. The consultative manager will have to have listening skills and also the ability to create the right sorts of channels to consult other people. Things such as newsletters team briefings or suggestion boxes could be introduced to gather employee's ideas and opinions. Democratic The democratic management style involves empowerment. Individual employees and teams are given the responsibility to make their own decisions. The individuals or team is then held responsible for the decisions that it chooses to make. The manager will have to feel comfortable with their employees and have a good understanding of them and decisions that they are making so that he/she doesn't fall behind on what the business is doing. They will need contin... ... communication within stores would make the employees feel more part of a team. If sainsburys were to relay less on post-it notes stuck on walls and actually speak to individuals about issues in the store I think employees would feel happier. As I discussed before, daily team talks with employees who started first thing. These would only last five minutes and be about issues that employees would need to know for example how much the store is taking, how much it needs to take to reach its target, things to look out for e.g. doggie cheques. Each department would do this. Employees who didn't start first thing would have to read this team talk and sign it before starting work. If employees found working more enjoyable and it had more of a team atmosphere within sainsburys it would hopefully lead to a lower staff turnover.

Project Quality and Risk Management

Phase 5-DB Project Quality and Risk Management PM610-Project Management, Execution, and Closure Risk is best defined basically as the potential to suffer a loss of some sort. Risk analysis is the process of defining and analyzing the dangers to individuals, businesses and government agencies posed by potential natural and human-caused adverse events. In IT, a risk analysis report can be used to align technology-related objectives with a company's business objectives.A risk analysis report can be either quantitative or qualitative. (Search Mid-Market Security 2010). Now that we understand what risk analysis is, ley us examine the two types: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative risk analysis is the most popular and does not involve any numerical probabilities or predictions of loss. The qualitative method certainly does involve defining the various threats, determining the extent of vulnerabilities and devising countermeasures should an attack occur.Quantitative risk analysis atte mpts to numerically determine the probabilities of various adverse events to the likelihood of the losses if it is a particular event that takes place. Qualitative risk analysis is appropriate to use when you need to determine which risk are important enough to manage. On way is to identify the severity of the impact to the project in terms of high, medium, or low. Also when you want to estimate the probability of the risk occurring in terms of high, medium, or low.So getting a quick estimate, not so much as counting them, will help to gauge how the project is doing in the project life cycle. Quantitative risk analysis is appropriate to use when your objective is to calculate the numeric values for each component of the data gathered during the risk assessment and the cost benefit analysis. For example, the true value of each business asset in terms is estimated in terms of what it would cost to replace it, what it would cost in terms of lost productivity, what it would cost in term s of brand reputation, and other direct and indirect business values.The process requires the user to attempt to use the same objectivity when computing asset exposure, cost of controls, and all of the other values that are identified during the risk management process. (Information Network and Security, 2013) For the IRTC customer service system project, I think I will use both the qualitative and quantitative risk analysis methods to some degree. Using the qualitative risk method will take into consideration the additional funds and resources needed as well as the extra hours it will take to complete the add-on to the project.The quantitative method will help manage the risk factor whether high, medium, or low to show the vendors, the project team and management what to tackle first. This will be especially helpful as the change request is going through appropriations. References Rouse, Margaret (2010). Definition Risk Analysis Retrieved on 19 March 2013, from www. searchmidmarket security. techtarget/com The Security Practitioner (2013). An Introduction to Information, Network and Security. Quantitative Risk Assessment. Retrieved on 20 March 2013, from www. security. practitioner. com

The Effects Of Video Games On Children s Health - 926 Words

Many people are failing to realize that in todays changing world, our physical health is stagnating as society is advancing . As the prevalence of video games increases, the amount of outdoor activity decreases. As iPads and television and cell phones reach the younger ages, children are too preoccupied with technology to be physically active. As the towns get more crowded and the streets less safe, access to an outside space to run and play becomes increasingly difficult to find. In todays society, the opportunity for physical activity is decreasing. Today, for children who do not do extracurricular sports, Physical Education in school is the only form of exercise they experience. To take that away would be a tragedy for children’s development. Contrary to popular belief, P.E. exercises more than just the body; having a significant influence on five developmental domains: physical, lifestyle, affective, social and cognitive. As changes and advances occur within the community and school systems, our children’s health cannot be taken as collateral damage. Physical Education must be continued in the schools in order to promote physical fitness and heathy living, good mental health and positive social interactions. Perhaps the most easily observed factor, physical education is absolutely vital to physical development. According to the President’s Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition’s website, only one third of children participate in sports outside of school. This meansShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects of Video Games Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesVideo games began in the late 1960s. It is highly interactive but also a distinct simulation of the real world and the world of thinking. In recent years, Video games have been gaining its popularity at an amazing rate and have developed into a common form of entertainment in peoples lives. 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