Beginning In The Eighties And Nineties, We Entered A New

Beginning in the eighties and nineties, we entered a new world of big hair and bad style; although, in the technological realm, there were tape players, Walkman’s, VCR’s, and fresh on the market: personal computers. Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne’s creation of the Apple soon began dominating the computer era with their introduction of the Lisa computer. But not for long, soon computer technology increased to unimaginable heights. As I grew up the in the nineties the technology around me continued to grow and advance – quite rapidly I may add. The technology we use today, helps further advance us as people, and to help push products out the door like it has never before. Technology is advancing and it’s up to us and our future†¦show more content†¦Millennials have been raised up on things like smartphones, drones, and advanced computers, but do we really know what we are doing, or are we just skimming the surface? Caroline Beato n a blogger for the Huffington Post writes â€Å"Millennials were born after the invention of windows, so we’ve never known life or work without them† (Beaton). This is important for moving into a more technologically diverse society, but there is still concern for what new jobs will open with the emergence of more technology and machines. Beaton goes on by stating in her research â€Å"In other words, as Carr observed, we’ll have to become more like computers ourselves: quick, efficient task executors in order to keep our position(s)† (Beaton). Marguerite McNeal author of the article Rise of the Machines,† notes that, â€Å"The robots haven t just landed in the workplace—they’re expanding skills, moving up the corporate ladder, showing awesome productivity and retention rates, and increasingly shoving aside their human counterparts. One multi-tasker bot, from Momentum Machines, can make (and flip) a gourmet hamburger in 10 seconds an d could soon replace an entire McDonald s crew. A manufacturing device from Universal Robots doesn’t just solder, paint, screw, glue, and grasp—it builds new parts for itself on the fly when they wear out or bust. And just this week, Google won a patent to start building worker robots with personalities† (McNeal). 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Spain And The United States - 1095 Words

Spain and the United States began relations in the earliest days of North America’s colonization. Spain’s settlements in Florida, followed by other colonies in Louisiana, Texas, and the Southwest and California, meant that early American colonists would come into contact and later into conflict with the Spanish. In the early days of the American Revolutionary War, Spain assisted the Americans in their struggle for independence. Many years later, relations between Spain and the U.S. deteriorated and war broke out; in recent decades, however, the countries began repairing economic relations once again. Diplomatic relations between Spain and the United States started in 1783. Spain severed ties in 1898 when the Spanish-American War began; U.S.-Spanish relations were re-established in 1899 (â€Å"U.S. Relations With Spain†, State.gov). Since then, relations between the two nations have slowly but steadily continued to improve in economic terms. When Spain helped the Americans in the Revolutionary War era, it helped Spain economically as well as assisting the new United States. Spain helped itself by aligning its economic interests with the American colonists, and using that partnership to gain an advantage over the French and the British interests. Just over a century later, the United States went to war against Spain and forced the Spanish to give up their remaining colonies. A period of bitter feelings resulted, but by the early 1900s, a series of trade agreements were signed whichShow MoreRelatedThe United States Of America And Spain Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pageswas a hi gh-tension and tumultuous time for both the United States of America and Spain. Spanish Colonialism had long been receding from its once powerful stronghold in the 16th and 17th centuries, and in the 1890s, the United States would make certain to diminish the last of Spain’s outlets. 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Impact of IT on Globalization

Question: Discuss about the Impact of IT on Globalization. Answer: Introduction Globalization has been a catchword for decades and slowly becoming more rampant with the adapting government laws (Esf.edu, 2016). The purpose of this literature review can be divided into two sections; the first aim is to critically analyze the meaning of the term globalization and understand the meaning of the term in daily life. The secondary aim of this work is to analyze the impact of Information Technology (IT) on the process of evolution of globalization. Globalization The term globalization was first coined by Theodore levitt, who was a professor at the Harvard Business School, and had great contributions in reviving marketing (Feder, 2015). Hirst Thompson Bromley (2015) have defined globalization as a force that decides the greater part of the social life which is in turn is decided by the global processes. Due to this force the boundaries that segment cultures, economies, borders and territories are slowly but evidently vanishing. Enloe (2016) have said that a genuine globalised economy is considered to be emerged, and the impacts of factors like the domestic strategies regarding the economic management fail to create any difference. Hence it can be understood from the excerpt that the basic dynamics of the world economy has already been globalised and the major driver of the global forces are the large corporations of the world. Similarly, Hay Marsh (2016) have demystified globalization as diversification of associations, ideas and the mythol ogies. Globalization has also been presented as global free market where, the mobility of various resources e.g. goods, human resource, capital (e.g. investments and finances). According to Oxford dictionary globalization is defined as, The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or startoperatingon an international scale. Hence it could be understood that globalization in its primitive form is opening up of the market to the companies that are non native to the land, so that the ventures could use the resources that are abundant and in turn earn revenues for them. There are many aspects to globalization; opening up of the market to the foreign players creates a deep impact upon the society. As stated by Allan Scott (2013), who severely criticizes globalism, the market forces destroys the social solidarity of the communities and gradually becomes an unstoppable force that makes the political forces of the nation helpless, thus finally becom ing the puppets of such market forces. The book published by author contains the various ill effects and the limitations of globalization, which according to him is a form of Americanization of the market and the society. Impact of Globalization on normal life The impact of the globalization in Australia can be segmented into three different areas, which are Political globalization, Economic globalization and Social globalization. The Political globalization can be traced back to the era of British colonization or Imperial globalization during which the British settlers started colonizing the whole nation. These foreigners established a government that paid little heed to the locals, hence making the traditional culture extinct. Akram-Lodhi Kay (2012) have also presented that various acts like charitable gestures from the government too come under such globalization technique which establishes a friendly, neutral or inimical attitude of people towards other nations. The Economic Globalization is the flow of funds or finances from a place to other. Australia is rich in natural resources, and globalization has created a plethora of opportunities for the locals of the country. According to Stromquist Monkman (2014), the country has a huge reserve of minerals and raw materials, which provides the primary industry for the people. The main industries of Australia are transportation equipments, mining, chemical industry, food processing, and the steel industry. It can be seen that all these equipments are exported and the valuation of the export was found to be 0.3 trillion USD. The Social globalization can be understood as the mixing and interaction of culture and communities from various regions around the earth. In this aspect Australia has been very fortunate. Being a landlocked country, Australia has been totally cutoff from the other countries. The globalization has helped the country to come in touch with the mainstream world (Turner Holton 2015). Australia owes a lot to the technological innovations like telephones and internet. As a resident of Australia, globalization to me is interaction between the different countries in various areas that have been specified above. Globalization helps various services of world class categories to be accessed in home and allows sharing of the home services and benefits with others. The political globalization has allowed integration of the whole country and setting up of government. The economic globalization has allowed Australia to sell its products to various countries and social globalization helped us with the cultural diversity. IT and Globalization The concept Globalization had been existent from time immemorial, but earlier it used to take days, months and sometimes years to convey even the smallest of messages. Hence the impact has been minimal but with technological advancements like telephones and telegraph made messaging very easy, airplanes reduced the time of travels, which made the world smaller and acted as the catalyst to the globalization (Dunning 2014). Globalization has completely changed the way the world used to work. Now the concept of local market has been changed to Global Market. Globalization has become part of various sectors like political, economic and social. Over past few decades the countries around the world have come even closer with the advancements in IT. Innovations in IT have helped in bringing the countries closer and have now become the major driving force behind formulation of business strategies for the organizations. The monumental catalysts that were provided by IT were PCs (Personal Comput ers), WWW (World Wide Web), Workflow Software, Supply chaining, etc. PCs allow access to huge amount of computing power and information. With this tools associated with WWW an individual is capable of obtaining, authoring, modifying and distributing information that was very difficult for the previous generation. PCs and WWW made a user a global citizen and expanded their reach. Workflow software is automation software that automates the business processes and reduces the human involvement (Stromquist Monkman, 2014). The supply chain is the sequence of the processes that are involved in producing the commodity and finally distributing it to the market. Supply Chaining recently with the adoption of IT tools has allowed automation of every aspect of order and delivery process. IT has helped in integration of horizontals between the suppliers, retailers and customers which helps in creation of value in the company. The technology has allowed intimation to the suppliers whenever a product is scanned at the counter of a shop thus informing them about the need that has been created thus helping them in identification of market (Malekshahi Heydari Moradi 2014). Conclusion The report here has discussed the meaning of globalization from academic literature and has discussed the impact of globalization on normal life. While describing its effect, the impact of globalization on politics, society and economy has been presented to understand the involvement in regular life. Finally the effect of IT on globalization has been presented and the contributions of various contributing factors have been discussed. References Akram-Lodhi, A.H. Kay, C. eds., 2012.Peasants and Globalization: Political Economy, Agrarian Transformation and Development. Routledge. Dunning, J.H., 2014.The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. Enloe, C., 2016.Globalization and militarism: Feminists make the link. Rowman Littlefield. Esf.edu. 2016. Globalization and the Transformation of Environmental Governance: An Introduction. [online] Available at: https://www.esf.edu/es/sonnenfeld/global_intro.htm [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Feder, B. 2015. Theodore Levitt, 81, Who Coined the Term 'Globalization', Is Dead. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/06/business/06levitt.html?_r=0 [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Hay, C. Marsh, D. eds., 2016.Demystifying globalization. Springer. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Malekshahi, A., Heydari, M. Moradi, M., 2014. Supplychain Innovation Effect on Perceived Organizational Performance in Industrial Manufacturing.World Applied Sciences Journal,32(6), pp.1147-1152. Oxforddictionaries.com. 2016. globalization - definition of globalization in English from the Oxford dictionary. [online] Available at: https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/globalization [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Scott, A. ed., 2013.The limits of globalization. Routledge. Stromquist, N.P. Monkman, K. eds., 2014.Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. RL Education. Turner, B.S. Holton, R.J. eds., 2015.The Routledge international handbook of globalization studies. Routledge.

Romulus And Remus Essays (499 words) - Roman Mythology,

Romulus And Remus Romulus and Remus With the beginning of any civilization there are stories that are carried through time about the creation of their nation. Rome was no different than any other. They carried their tail of how brothers quarreled over who was to receive the glory of their triumph. The United States also has followed this tradition as well with stories of our most famous founder of the United States, George Washington. Romes history began when two brothers founded the nation in the city of Rome. However the brothers were unable to decide which one was to receive the honor of having the kingdom bear his name. Romulus and Remus tried to decide, but eventually the discussions broke down and the two brothers fought. Romulus was the victor and ended up killing his brother and consequently naming the kingdom after himself, Rome came into existence for the first time. This story gave the people of Rome a history, and instilled a sense of strength in the nation through its patron founder. By slaining his brother Romulus proved to his people that his nation would flourish in the future no matter what the cost, even if it meant taking the life of ones very own flesh and blood in battle. The United States also had a golden boy to begin their nation. George Washington carried along with him many legends, two of the most famous ones were about a cherry tree and a silver dollar. The first, begins when Washington was just a young lad. He chopped down a cherry tree, and when his father found the tree fallen to the ground, Washington admitted to his father, I cannot tell a lie, I chopped down the cherry tree. By doing this it brought a sense of honesty to an office which carried so much power that could be abused. The second story told of Washington heroically hurling a silver dollar across the Potomac River. This story puts a sense of immortality on George Washington, though they may or may not have happened these events provide as a boost in public spirit towards their country and themselves. Both of these stories served one main purpose, it was to set the founders of their respective countries in an immortal place in society. These stories gave the people of the something to strive for, something to instill in their childrens minds as bedtime stories. Though these stories differ in content, they serve to give the people the impression that their leaders have the powers and virtues that are important to that time period. The Romulus and Remus story reflects that this time period thought highly of the survival of the fittest system, and everyone wanted to be the fittest. The Washington stories focus on strength and honesty, these virtues are what people wanted in their leaders possess in their personalities. Stories have been one aspect of life that has remained the same ever since the days of the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians. People naturally love to tie their lives in with stories of great heroes, these stories provide a sense of hope to everyone who hears them. European History

A Case Analysis for Occupy Wall Street Movement

A Case Analysis for Occupy Wall Street Movement Introduction The theory of ‘in place’ and ‘out of place’ tends to stratify the society on the basis of the correct placement of each social stratum. These strata could rely on economic affluence, ideologies, gender, race or religion. This phenomenon is an interesting focal point, when examining the instances when geography intersects with social ideologies of a particular setting (Cresswell, 1996).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Case Analysis for Occupy Wall Street Movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the societal expectations make individuals behave in a certain manner when he/she occurs in a particular setting, and any consequence that may accompany their defiance is blamed more on the correctness of the place rather than on the explicit nature of the occurrence (Hubbard, Kitchin, Valentine, 2010). This research proposal is designed to look at a situation in the social setting that depicts the society’s correctness in relation to place and how this correctness or incorrectness affects them or the surrounding society in that particular place both explicitly and implicitly. The real time study of Occupy Wall Street Movement was chosen as a phenomenon worth analyzing. It is important to note that the movement can be regarded as an illustration of the power of specific space over specific groups of people. The instance of St. Paul’s Cathedral (London) verifies the assumption that place (or space) can play a very important role in the development of societies. For instance, London protestors decided to express their ideas in immediate proximity to London Stock Exchange (â€Å"St Paul’s Protest†, 2011). Therefore, people’s choice was rather predictable, as they wanted to be heard by their opponents, â€Å"financial sharks†. It is also important to note that they people could not simply occupy areas near the Exch ange as the areas were privately owned. Therefore, protestors had an opportunity to find an ideal public place to express their concerns. Remarkably, the protestors were heard as authorities tried to come to certain agreement. More so, dean of the cathedral had to resign which can be regarded as a manifestation of power of such social movements (Walker, 2011). Admittedly, the fact that the protestors were heard is due to the place they occupied. In that case space (or rather specific place) influenced choices different groups of people made. Purpose of the research The purpose of this research paper is to critically examine the situation upon which the aspects of social expectations with regard to the society’s way of life are related to space. It will cast light on different facets of place away from just the spatial implications. Various instances in which an individual taking a particular social place is expected to behave in a certain way will be analyzed looking at the r eal life occurrences that made the phenomenon explicitly reveal itself in a social setting in a real time.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In attempt to bring out the situation in a more realistic manner and in a way that people can relate with, this research paper focuses on the Occupy Wall Street Movement, a kind of uprising that began in September 2011. Inspired by the uprisings in the Arab world that have been associated with ushering in revolutionary changes in favor of the oppressed majority (Gelder, 2011), the movement was on the forefront in demand for a fair share of equality in economic, social and political arenas. Hence, the argument will be based on whether there is a relationship between the ways in which the protesting behave in airing their demands and places where they gather with reference to the social structure. It is important to note that the present movement provides important insights into the assumption that privatization of public places minimizes people’s control over the development of the societies (Mitchell, 1995). The idea of the movement is that a small group of people accumulates all resources depriving the majority of the citizens from those resources. Ironically, the movement was an illustration of the basic idea. People occupied public places and tried to make their ideas heard. Importantly, authorities tried to make the protestors go even from the public areas (Burns, 2011). Therefore, Mitchell’s concerns about minimization of public control can be rather relevant. Apart from this, the protests in London show that the place does shape people’s behavior. Thus, being in immediate proximity to the cathedral made people more preserved and tolerant. In fact, both sides had to consider their actions thoroughly because of the place chosen by the protestors. Hence, the argument will be based o n whether there is a relationship between the ways in which the protesting behave in airing their demands and places where they gather with reference to the social structure. Background Information Occupy Wall Street abbreviated as OWS is a movement that began in Zuccoti Park in New York on September 17th 2011 after being contrived by Adbuster, an activists group based in Canada. The aim of the protest was to disapprove the prevalence economic disparity among the Americans which led to the emergence of social alienation among the middle class and the poor by the few economically affluent people who were perceived to be in control of the Wall Street Business District. In addition, they strongly opposed the participation of the corporate and financial institutions in the political arena, among other basic social wrongs, such as a high rate of unemployment and corruption that have been associated with difficulties of survival among the majority (Apps, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Case Analysis for Occupy Wall Street Movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Apps (2011), the strikers considered themselves as the representatives of the majority that were unemployed, homeless and did not enjoy medical and social benefits, while the political elite and their corporate cronies seemed to benefit from the system. Lower Manhattan has not been spared from the rampant riots and uprisings due to its connection with financial system and the economy (History.com Staff). The overall intent of Occupy Wall Street was connected with those receiving end crossing and wanting to cross barriers, occupy places meant for public use or even to air their dissatisfaction. This approach could be accompanied by possible violence and severe ramifications. The use of social media was seen as a breakthrough on gathering the crowd and circumventing the administration as well spreading their blueprint. L iterature Review Ideological values are a product of social expectations with regard to the conduct in a particular spatial setting (Therborn, 1980). Scholars, such as Goren Therborn (1980), have argued that an ideology could only be considered to be good or bad with regard to the place in which it was taking place rather than time. Hence, it becomes justifiable for someone to judge on the validity of an action basing his argument on the spatial setting upon which the action is taking place. While it is usually unnoticeable when individuals behave normally being â€Å"in place†, it becomes obvious when a person acts â€Å"out of place† because it does not correspond to the expectations of the surrounding society, which may expose the actor to prejudice. Kitchin (1999) also argues that people often see if some individuals or groups do not fit the space occupied. Though the researcher focuses on specific characteristics, the assumption can be applied to various groups ch aracterized by different features. Thus, socio-economic features make people find themselves in different camps. The researcher also dwells upon some issues concerning social justice (Kitchin, 1999). Studies have shown that social injustices are characterized by distinct spatial settings which are exhibited through the control and domination of space by one group of people. When the word injustice is used, unfair treatment comes in mind and is more inclined to the issue of social morality (Smith, 1994).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that people who are oppressed by an economic or political system are more likely to be found in a certain locality away from their oppressors. In order for them to have their outcry given attention, they tend to move to the localities in which they believe they will catch the attention of the oppressors. Such was the case of Occupy Wall Street Movement. Problem statement The problem statement for the research paper is to critically analyze the Occupy Wall Street Movement and determine whether there is(are) any instance(s) the behavior and actions of the protestors intersect with place. The research will examine the interaction between the actions of the protestors and the place in which they decided to camp; whether they were in place to do so or they were out of place. Significance of the problem Zuccoti Park is a privately owned park that is accessible to the public. It was designed for recreational purpose, but on September 17th, 2011, people with absolutely differen t agenda started trickling in the park to protest against the Wall Street system. Thus, these people did not behave with respect to the expectations of the general public and the owners, too. Hence, they were viewed to have taken their motives out of place. The NYPD was not in the capacity to install a curfew in the park to avert the strikers from being there though it seemed to be an appropriate intervention. If the park was not privately owned, the police could have used every means at their disposal to avert the entry into the park. This is because the strikers were not intending to use it in the way prescribed by the common law. If the protesters had decided to air their protests at their homes, possibly, nobody could have noticed it. In addition, there were reported cases of theft of mobile phones and laptops among the protesters who claimed to receive police protection. In some instances, cases of sexual harassment started leaking into the press that led to setting up of tents exclusively meant for female protesters. Some cases of violence went unreported with the police blaming the strikers of infusing â€Å"three strikes policy† which discouraged the victims from reporting any physical violence inflicted upon them until the offender performed the same violence in three different occasions. The protesters claimed the police tell them to deal with their own tribulations or go back to their homes. Thus, this case presents a credible illustration of people acting out of place which draws attention from various actions. These people were denied some basic rights by the police on the claims that they were not supposed to use the park for that purpose. Various evils were inflicted upon them, which looked justifiable in the eyes of the offenders; after all they were not supposed to have camped there. Thus, it is important to take a closer look at the movement in the context of space. It is important to reveal the correlation between the exact place and people’s actions. Crang and Thrift (2000) point out that space cannot be separated from social context and vice versa. Therefore, the movement can be analyzed in terms of socio-spatial context. It can be important to understand the choices people made, and how the places chosen affected the way people acted. Apart from this, it is essential to analyze the outcomes of the protests. It is important to understand whether the place chosen helped protestors to achieve their aims or not. It is also necessary to trace the development of the protestors’ ideas and the development of the movement itself. This analysis can help to more deeply understand the role of place in the development of societies. The precise movement can provide insights into socio-spatial processes that take place in the societies. References Apps, P. (2011, October 11). Wall Street action part of global Arab Spring? Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-global-politics-protest/wall-s treet-action-part-of-global-arab-spring-idUSLNE79A03Z20111011 Burns, J.F. (2011, October 30). ‘Occupy’ protest at St. Paul’s cathedral in London divides church. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/31/world/europe/occupy-protest-at-st-pauls-cathedral-splits-anglican-church.html?pagewanted=allmtrref=undefinedgwh=647817B4F967C6A37944AB9071E5C5FEgwt=pay Cresswell, T. (1996). In Place/Out of Place: Geography, Ideology, and Transgression. Minneapolis, MN, USA: University of Minnesota Press. Gelder, S.V. (2011). How occupy Wall Street changes everything. In S.V. Gelder Staff of Yes! Magazine (Eds.), This changes everything: occupy wall street and 99% movement (pp. 1-13). New York, NY: Beret-Koehler Publishers. Crang, M. Thrift, N.J. (2000). Thinking Space. New York, NY: Routledge. History.com Staff. (2011). Wall Street: 300 Years of Protests. Web. Hubbard, P., Kitchin, R. Valentine G. (Eds.) (2010). Key Thinkers on Space and Place (2nd e dn.). London: Sage. Kitchin, R. (1999). Creating and awareness of others: Highlighting the role of space and place. Geography, 84(1), 45-54. Mitchell, D. (1995). The end of public space? People’s Park, definitions of the public, and democracy. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 85(1), 108-133. Smith, D. J. (1994). Geography and Social Justice. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. St Paul’s protest: Legal action is launched. (2011, October 28). BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-15495019 Therborn, G. (1980). The Ideology of Power and the Power of Ideology. New York, NY: New Left Books. Walker, P. (2011, October 31). Dean of St Paul’s Cathedral resigns over Occupy London protest row. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/31/dean-st-pauls-resigns-occupy

buy custom How Cognition and Emotion Does Relate essay

buy custom How Cognition and Emotion Does Relate essay The impact of emotion in our lives cannot be underscored. Over years, psychologists have been puzzled in their attempt to earth factors that affect the human emotional systems. More specifically, the connection between cognitive functions and emotions has been a subject of great interest to many researchers. Efforts of psychologist in cognitive science seek to identity how the human mind works, as well as the overall effect it brings to the emotional schema. The connection between emotions and cognition has been avoided by some psychologist who believes that the two have no significant connection (ORegan, 2003). However, recent interest in these areas has sparked renewed research that attempt to find a connection between the two areas of psychology that continue to influence human in various ways. This paper will attempt to draw the relation between cognition and emotions, by highlighting the effect of cognition on human emotions. Before expounding on the relation between cognition and emotion, it will be worthwhile to point at some definitions that will be of great value in understanding the relationship between emotion and cognition. The term emotion is widely used in psychology literature to denote intense experiences that are brief. This term should not be confused with the term affect, which is a broad categorization of human experiences. Another term is mood, which describes experiences of low intensity. These two terms will be used to describe emotions as the paper constructs their relationship with cognitive elements. The kernel of this paper will be placed on the various research works by psychologists who have attempted to draw conclusion from research about the relationship between emotion and cognition. As it will be seen, there is strong evidence that indicate that there are many cognitive determinants, which shape human emotion systems. Cognitive determinants of emotions While considering the relationship between emotion and cognition, it is vital that questions are asked concerning the factors that shape human emotional experiences. Psychologists are in agreement that there are many factors, which influence the human emotions. Nonetheless, there is a wide debate on the relevance of each of these factors and this is the reasons some believe that cognition has no impact on human emotions. Parkinson (1994) contends that there are several factors that influence the manifestation of emotion in humans. These factors are: appraisal resulting from stimuli, body arousal, facial expressions, and action tendencies. Whereas these factors are extensive, it is critical to note that none of them are independent, but they all work to shape human emotions. By looking at these factors in a greater depth, it will be possible to draw the line that marks the relationship between emotions and cognitions as far as cognitive and behavioral science is concerned. Cognition has a complex and varying influence on emotion. Capturing such a relationship is a complex process that can only be done using various models that depict this relationship in a wider perspective. There is significant need to distinguish various components of emotions such as experiences, expression and elicitors; given that cognition has a different impact on each of them. When looking at the relationship between cognition and emotions, we can adopt a two way approach. In the first approach, emphasis will be placed on emotion as the consequence of cognition. The other approach will look at cognition as consequence of emotional display. 1. Emotion as a function of cognition There are many theorists who believe that emotion can be depicted as a consequence of cognition and that cognitive states are responsible for producing varying levels of emotional display. The appraisal theory and its effect on emotions This subsection of the paper posits that appraisal factors have significant effect on the human emotion. To be more specific, various appraisals instances will be discussed to draw the relationship between cognition and emotions. To begin, the appraisal theory has undergone a lot of changes since the original version was put forth by Lazarus. In his theory, Lazarus (1982) made a significant conclusion that cognitive factors such as appraisals have great influence on the outcomes of human emotions. This notion has been the central theme in appraisal theory, as well as in the formulation of new theories aimed at drawing relationship between cognition and emotions. From the appraisal approach, we can look at three ways in which emotions are related to cognition. Three appraisal approaches that are widely used are primary appraisal, secondary appraisal and re-appraisal, and this will form the core of our discussion at this point. The appraisal description given forth by psychologist point to the existence of conscious processing model despite that this is not the case. The success of the appraisal theory in marking the relationship between cognition and emotions lies in the claim that human emotions are aroused by unique pattern of appraisal. This is a fundamental notion that has been reinforced by several psychologists. According to Smith and Lazarus (1993), different appraisal systems are responsible for various emotions states, which can be distinguished from each other. In other words, emotions such as anger and anxiety are some of the emotions that have the same appraisal components in them. Other psychologists made significant improvement to the appraisal theory on the way it addresses the connection between appraisals (cognition) and emotions. At the center of this improvement is the notion that appraisals processes occur in parallel and not in solitary. Notably, these appraisal processes are associati ve processing, reasoning and appraisal detection. The association processing entails the priming, as well as the activation of memories. This is process that takes place in the cognitive domain with no intervention whatsoever. The second mechanism for appraisal is reasoning. This process involves thinking and deliberation and has effect on emotions. The last mechanism is the detection of appraisals, which serves to monitor information in the associative and reasoning process. Evidence There are wealth of research evidence that confirm that cognitive appraisal has significant influence on human emotions. There is much evidence that point that appraisal process influence the outcome of emotions, and how they are exhibited. Some psychologist devoted their time in the study of how human react to appraisals in terms of the emotions changes. Participants in this study were shown films depicting scenes of anxiety, such as boys having their penises cut. In some films, horrific accidents were show to the viewers who reacted on seeing these events. In support that cognition leads to production of emotions, the viewers were able to demonstrate various emotions responses such as denial. Some of the viewers denied that the cutting of the penises was a part of a ritual and not a pain experience as depicted. In this research, the arousal levels of the participant were measured and recorded. The process of intellectualization and denial by the participants in the study led to the reduction of stress even when they were exposed to content that were horrific and shocking. Because of this experiment, it is important to note that the manipulations of cognitive appraisal had a significant impact on the physiological reaction of the participants. Based on this, Lazarus and Smith (1993) agree that cognition influences the type of emotions that people experience. In other research, Bennett, Lowe, and Honey (2003) confirmed that emotions can be produced by combination of many appraisal factors. This is a notion that was further developed by other psychologist in attempt to arrive at the relation between cognition and emotion. Mechelens, Smiths, and de Boeck (2003) studied four different appraisals thought to have an impact on anger. These appraisals were goals obstacle, unfairness, controls and other accountability. From their research, thy found that participants expressed unpleasant experience when these appraisals were present. Kuppens et al (2006) also found out that display of emotion like anger was determined by appraisals that were flexible and could change over time. Most important, Smith and Kirby (2001) revealed that appraisals worked by rapid associative process, which take place below individuals consciousness. This understanding was further developed by other psychologist to point that appraisals have influence on emotions. As a result, Chartrand, van Baaren and Bargh (2006) confirm that positive words such as music and friends or negative words such as war and cancer lead to varying mood to the individuals who read them. Indeed, these findings underscore the significant influence of cognition to the emotion display of individuals. Evaluation This section aims at relating cognitive process and the elucidation of various human emotions. Psychologists agree that appraisal process such as reasoning have great impact on the nature of emotional response. More specifically, appraisal procedures have significant influence on the precision at which individuals experience various emotional displays. Even when there are other psychologists who criticize the connection between the appraisal process and the elucidation of emotions, there is enough credence to the fact that appraisal, which are cognitive factors, influence emotions experienced and their precision (Parkinson Manstead, 1992). Multi-level theories This section will outline the several theories that have been put forward to explain the relationship between emotion and cognition. Bearing in mind that the human cognitive system is complex, the notions of theorist in this section will be of great value in understanding the relation between the emotion and cognition. There are several reasons as to why multi-level theories have been developed to explain the relationship between emotion and cognition. The cognitive system is a complex domain, and coupled with conflicting emotions in people, the need for these theories are long overdue. Many multi-level theories have been put forward to explain the relationship between cognition and emotion, and two of them will be looked at in this section. Discrepancy theories This is theory that posits that emotions are product of various levels of discrepancies that are in the mind of individuals. This theory was first used to illustrate the fact that fear was produced by events experienced by people. In using the example of a detached head of a monkey, Hebb (1949) demonstrated that monkeys were more frightened by the head detached from a monkey shown to them. Whereas this is one way of looking at the relation between emotion and cognition, other psychologist has different views, as well. Siminov (1970) in his model looked at emotion as a consequence of the need for information that organism. Based on this view, it is true that humans use information to organize themselves appropriately. The lack of information can lead to individuals activating their nervous systems to elicit negative emotions. The kernel of this discrepancy theory forms the core of the notion that emotions are produced as a result of various cognitive processes. These processes are con trolled by stimulus events that shape individual response. Emotional display is thus evident when cognitive processes elicit responses, which underscore the notion relation between emotion and cognition. Cognition as a consequence of emotion This section details the model that depicts cognition as a consequence of emotion. There is a lot of literature that affirm that cognitive structures are produced when individuals experience delays. This is best shown in the case of where individuals see themselves eating in order to feel good, when they are actually angry (Freud, 1960). From this argument, it is vital to point to the fact that emotions may come before cognition as motive markers, and instigators. These perspectives shape our understanding about cognition preceding emotions Emotions as motives The notion that emotions can serve as motives is not new psychology. Psychologists such as Darwin (1872) have expressed their understanding that cognitive activities are actions of behavior and that they reinforce behavioral patterns. This is tied to the notion that people act in different ways as a way of achieving pleasure and avoiding pain. This can be expanded to cover the fact that emotional consequences of actions are the primary ways through which people carrying out various actions. The argument that emotions are related to the actions is well founded. For instance, students who study to pass their exams feel nice when they do so, or otherwise experience sadness. While the actual gratification occurs once the action has been completed, it is essential to note that expected emotions motivate people into actions that exhibit positive behavior required to achieve the feeling. Indeed, the emotion is a motivating consequence that shapes cognition and by extension behavior. However, this does not mean that behavior is chiefly preceded by emotion. Instead, this notion affirms that emotions have a role in shaping the cognitive manifestation individuals, which contribute to behavioral modification that may be varied in individuals. Emotion as markers It is widely believed that cognitive processes have different outcomes, which are influenced by different emotional display. Cognitive processes have marks, which are absorbed into the human memory and used to shape behavior. Because of these markers, it is very easy for individuals to retrieve information from the memory by the help of markers. Cognitive process such as remembering an event is thus more effective when individuals use emotional markers to classify them and file them with priority. In a nutshell, the interaction of human memory and other cognitive process is enhanced by emotional tags. Emotions as instigators Emotions have been viewed as being correlated to cognition because of their role as instigators. Emotions can result in different thinking patterns that are tied to different cognitive processes. When people get to hear specific information, their thoughts are changed and thus their words are also shaped by the outcomes of the thought. This process is made possible because emotion can instigate a particular cognitive process to occur. Mood and cognition There is a significant correlation between the mood and cognitive processing in individuals (Teasdale, 1999). Mood states influence the type of cognitive process that people go through. For instance, mood influences what people think of at any given time. This relationship best exemplifies the relation between emotion and cognition. There are various theories that account for phenomenon as mentioned in the previous paragraphs. Bowers network theory This theory was put forth to explain how mood and cognition are related to one another. Gilligan and Bower (1984) arrived at six assumptions that underlie our understanding of mood and cognition. These assumptions are: a) Emotions are considered as units that make up a semantic network that has numerous connections that are related to physiological systems, events and expressive systems. b) Emotional material is part of the semantic network and stored in the form or assertion or preposition. c) The process of thinking takes place through the nodes in the network. d) The nodes in the semantic networks are made active by stimuli that may be internal or external with reference with the network. e) The activation process occurs in sequence with one node activating the other node adjacent to it. f) Consciousness is achieved when a given threshold of nodes are activated within the network. The above assumption forms the main tenets that ascribe cognition to mood. Most important, these assumptions denote that people are able to remember best when their moods match those experienced during the time of learning. The assumption also implies that information that is ttoned with emotions is best learned and retrieved as compared to those that are not. It is also clear that how individuals think or perceive things is congruent with their mood and this established the tie between mood (emotion) and cognition. The increase in an individuals mood level results in a corresponding increase in the activation levels of the semantic network. The notion of mood congruity is critical to the understanding of the relationship between the mood and cognition. Mood congruity is best understood as a situation where the people who are at good moods learning something positive that can be remembered when they experience positive emotions association with the event. With the use of the semantic network discussed above, it can be noted that nodes marked with negative events such as sadness are associated to negative emotions. At this level, the semantic network diagram underscores the fact that mood can influence recall and the success of the retrieval process. Affect infusion model This is a theoretical focus that is more general as compared to the Bowers network theory. This model posits that effective information has a tendency to influence processes such as learning, memorization and attention. This model is reinforced by the assumption that there are fought processing strategies that form the tenets of this model. The first assumption is concerned with direct access of information that is not influenced mood in any way. The next assumption is that processing of information can be motivated by pre-existing objectives such as mood states. These motivations are considered as those that enhance mood states in individuals. The third processing is the heuristic model that that is achieved when individual retrieved information based on the influence of their emotions. The last processing is called substantive processing and comprise of individuals who use previous information as a basis of leaning new ones and interpreting them. The notion that mood can place inf luence on information process is widely acclaimed in the field of psychology (Rusting DeHart, 2000). This understanding thus lends credence to the fact that cognition and emotion reinforce one another in the above context. Cognitive biases and mood states This section will focus on the cognitive process that individuals experience in given mood states. The areas of cognitive bias have significant influence on depression and anxiety that people experience. Many researchers affirm that people who are vulnerable to clinical anxiety and depression are known to have significant levels of cognitive bias. By looking at the influence of cognitive bias, it is possible to arrive at conclusive end that point to the close interconnection between mood and emotion (MacLeod Mathews, 1997). There are several cognitive biases that are important in understanding why depression and anxiety are prevalent. Cognitive biases that are known are: intentional bias, explicit memory bias, and interpretive bias, interpretive bias, and implicit memory bias. The central question lies on the relationships between these cognitive biases to their influence on levels of depression and anxiety. This relationship can be described by the Backs Schema theory and William who made significant contribution in this field. Becks Schema theory The becks schema theory provides the understanding of individual difference to the vulnerability to depression or anxiety disorders (Beck, 1976). According to Beck and Clark (1988), the vulnerability of individuals to disorder and anxiety is a product of variables that include certain schema formed in the past. In fact, for the individuals who are highly depressed or filled with anxiety, their schematic organization reveal that most of them have high levels of negativity. To a greater extent, this forms a maladaptive schema that does make individuals to experience psychological threats and at their own personal domain. Beck and Clark (1988) strongly agree that cognitive processes are heavily influenced by the nature of organization present in an individuals schema. II. Williams et al. (1997) are credited for developing a theory that help to understand that connection and relation between cognition and emotion. Williams et al (1997) argued that both disorder and anxiety have different functions, which influence the information processing. The result of anxiety leads to people anticipating danger or a threat in the future. Because of this association, people are more likely to process threatening stimuli with priority than the others which are non-threatening. In their research, William et al. (1997) noted that anxiety in individuals facilitated the perceptual processing of stimuli perceived to be threatening, whereas the occurrence of depression facilitate conceptual processing of information that are considered to be threatening. Research work by William et al. (1997) reveals that depression and anxiety can be associated with cognitive biases. This association gives use the impression that depression and anxiety must be considered as cognitive processes. This can be translated to the fact the emotions are influenced by cognitive variables such as cognitive biases. It is predicted that individuals who are more anxious have high levels of attentional and implicit memory bias. This information supports the notion that cognitive processes are central to the elucidation of the emotional responses such as anxiety and depression. Conclusion Despite the wide debate on the link between emotion and cognition, there is enough research that shows the cognition processes and emotional responses are associated with one another (Williams et al. 1997; Beck, 1976). This paper has employed several approaches to construct the understanding that emotion and cognition are related. The question of how the two are related has been addressed by several perspectives that have been highlighted in the paper. The paper has explored the notion that cognition is a function of emotion. In this section, the paper has focuses on how cognition influences the manifestation of various emotions. This section of the paper was guided by the fact that many psychologists believe that emotions are a consequence of cognition (Lazarus, 1982). This understanding was reinforced by the notion that emotions are caused by different appraisal patterns (Bennett, Lowe, Honey, 2003). In addition, other theories like discrepancies and multi-level theories strengthened the fact that cognition determines the emotional outcomes that individuals go through. Cognition as a consequence of emotion is another perspective that this paper has used to draw the connection between emotion and cognition. As exemplified in the paper, there are circumstances that people go through, which end up producing certain cognitive outcomes (Freud, 1990). This argument pointed the relation between cognition and emotion, with emotion as motives that reinforce human behavior. It was noted that emotions shaped human behavior via cognitive activities (Darwin, 1965). The role of emotions as markers that influence cognitive processes was also mentioned given that it influences access and retrieval of information. The interaction between mode and cognition was extensively developed in the paper. In the paper, it is evident that mood affect cognition processes and behavior as well (Gilligan and Bower, 1984). This explains why people tend to remember things that they learned when experiencing good moods. This argument can be related to the influence of cognitive bias on the emotions. Research by Beck (1976) reveals that humans experience different emotions because of a schema they have formed over time. In addition, William et al, (1997) developed an intriguing association between emotions and cognition. In their work, they argued that emotions display like depression and anxiety were products of cognitive biases that influence behavior. Indeed, cognition and emotions share an intricate, but complex relationship. Buy custom How Cognition and Emotion Does Relate essay

Personal understanding of crime commission Essay

Personal understanding of crime commission - Essay Example Mr. X is an experienced marketing executive in a midsize inventory-distribution firm. He is well admired by the management for his outstanding performance in marketing and customer retention. He has played a pivotal role in enhancing company’s turnover by expanding the business area and by providing excellent customer service. As far as his social life is concerned, the person is well recognized for his commitments in social, political, and religious institutions. As the situation is too complex to stand, he would seek the best but practical alternative. He understands that the only way to obtain money is to defraud his employer. However, $4000 is not a small amount to take away without the knowledge of the employer. Although he gets good amounts of daily collection that exceeds 4000 dollars, he is answerable to the accounting section for each expense. At the same time, Mr. X does not have access to any other source except the amounts he collects from customers. Once the source is determined, the person would analyze the possibilities of avoiding immediate impacts of the act on him as well as on the organization. The mode of operation is exceedingly important to him because he wants to lessen the subsequent effects of the action. He does not want to spoil his career and social status or to put his company in trouble. The sole objective is to deal with the present situation. Mr. X takes the list of debtors and identifies the customers who are most liable to the company. Company allows credit to a certain limit as the part of its fiscal policy toward potential customers. Balance collection is not an easy task; and moreover inappropriate approach might result in customer dissatisfaction. As the market is highly aggressive, allowing credit is essential for customer acquisition. Mr. X knows that if 4-5 customers remit their due amounts, it would easily meet his requirement. However, it is not reasonable to force them for an immediate